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Thursday, April 27, 2023

ChatGPT and AI: Is it a double-edged sword?

 

By: Erin Ware

In November 2022, an artificial intelligence (AI) and research company, OpenAI, launched a free AI powered chatbot service called ChatGPT. 

ChatGPT is a language processing tool that can answer questions and assist users with completing tasks, such as composing emails or writing essays. The service is free to the public and currently has over 100 million users, according to statistics published by Exploding Topics. 

AI and ChatGPT has been trained by processing a variety of information on the internet, including websites, books, news articles, blogs, and more. Once absorbing the data out there, ChatGPT programmers used Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to create natural human conversational dialogue. By using RLH, AI trainers provided the model with conversations in which they played both the user and AI assistant, according to OpenAI. 

Since the launch of ChatGPT, the quickly growing software has stirred up mixed responses from the public. Some companies, such as Microsoft, encourage the use of AI powered tools to increase efficiency in its programs. 

JaQualon Taylor, a systems engineer at Medix Dental IT, explains that AI can be a double-edged sword in a variety of situations. With technology being able to complete human tasks at a cheaper price, some employees worry that AI might threaten their careers. 

“Currently, employees are worried that AI will take away jobs because of its capabilities,” explains Taylor, “however, using ChatGPT will allow for better productivity and a great chance for growth in a business.”

Taylor also notes the pros and cons of AI and ChatGPT in an academic setting. While many schools are banning the use of AI powered chatbots out of concerns that students will misuse the software and compromise their academic integrity, Taylor believes ChatGPT can be a great resource for students. 

“ChatGPT allows students to research and find more information on what they’re needing to use,” says Taylor, “but just like alcohol, use it responsibly.”

ChatGPT also has its fair share of limitations. Because the software essentially learns from humans, the program can spit-out harmful or biased responses that it learned from humans. The AI software studies patterns to form responses and can occasionally produce irrelevant responses if ChatGPT does not understand what the user is asking. 

Wednesday, April 26, 2023

Mars Rocks!

 By: Justin Hall


Mars is called the Red Planet. It is perhaps the most fascinating of all the planets for so many different reasons. It is near the sun which might suggest that it's very hot, but quite the opposite. It has two moons. It can have an enormous amounts of storms that last for months at a time.  It has iron in its soil. These are just a few of the facts about the Red Planet itself. 

However, one thing that is incredibly intriguing about Mars is its rocks and rock formations. The rocks on Mars tell us about the history of the atmosphere. The rocks also tell a great deal about the volcanic nature of its surface, the history of its surface water, and even its age. 

If we take the time to better understand the history of Martian rocks, we can better understand the evolution of life here on Earth. Plus, we can also use this as aiding us to finding other life in the universe.

The rocks can also tell us so much more.

"Rocks can hold information about weathering on a planet," said Dr. Amy Lovell, Professor of Astronomy and Chair Department of Physics and Astronomy at Agnes Scott College. "Radioactive sampling relative to other rocks and other planets can indicate the age of the surface where the rock was situated, which is an important part of understanding the planetary context of the surface since its formation and how it has been shaped by geologic processes."

Rock samples are fundamental to analyzing and interpreting solid planetary surfaces. If it weren't for these samples, we would rely solely on remote observations which provide some use but ultimately do not help us understand such elements as chemistry, physics and geology. 

Collecting rocks is also important in helping us make new discoveries about the Red Planet as well as helping us understand more and more about previous life in the universe we may have never known about.  

The instruments on the rover are advance, but they can't determine whether chemical signatures of life that may be found in samples that did not come from other possible non-biological sources.

"The more samples you have, the more reliable your data is," said Mark Lancaster, Instructional Specialist, Astronomy, Fernbank Science Center. "Some recent findings suggest that Martian rocks contain carbon signals also found in Earth rocks. This points to the possibility of past life, but also calls for more research, as these carbon signals can also be caused by other non-biological events." 

Sedimentary rocks are also indicative of sediments being deposited and layered in water. Metamorphic rocks also exist, but from low-grade metamorphism due to the fact that any possible tectonic activity is virtually extinct. 

Methane can also be found on Mars as a clue to the ancient possibility of life. Nickel, copper, zinc and others have been found in small gatherings. However in larger gatherings could be potentially mined. 

Other substances found on Mars could leave us feeling a little bit cold.

"There are ices," said Dr. Clayton Heller, Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Planetarium Director at Georgia Southern University. "These ices are both water and carbon dioxide in the polar caps and as permafrost below the surface." 

Mars ultimately has a lot to tell us and this is merely the tip of the iceberg. If it weren't for these discoveries from esteemed professionals, we as Earthlings would be missing out on some truly significant findings that tell us about the past, the present and of course the future.  












Monday, April 10, 2023

Self-healing Concrete Could Address Modern Day Engineering Issues

 

By: Erin Ware

Rome wasn’t built in a day. In fact, ancient Roman concrete structures could possibly still be building themselves to this day, according to a new study published by MIT earlier this year. 


For decades, researchers have remained puzzled as to how the ancient Romans created such durable structures that remain standing to this day. However, a team of researchers at MIT and Harvard might have cracked the code behind the Romans strong structures: self-healing concrete. 


In a paper recently published in Science Advances, researchers proposed that Romans used a process called “hot-mixing” when creating concrete, which allowed concrete to repair cracks on its own. Hot-mixing occurs when using quicklime, a dry and very reactive form of limestone, as opposed to the normal method of using slaked lime, which is limestone that is combined with water first. 


Using quicklime changes the chemical reactions in the mixing process, causing extreme temperatures to occur which create calcium deposits. Originally, researchers believed the calcium deposits found in ancient Roman concrete were the result of poor mixing methods, according to the study. 


As it turns out, the calcium deposits could be the key regenerative concrete. According to the study, as water enters a crack in the concrete, it would dissolve the calcium deposits. Consequently, the dissolved chemicals can recrystallize and fill the cracks. 


Researchers believe regenerative concrete could address a lot of problems in modern day engineering.


“Our current infrastructure is crumbling down,” explains Seth Nowak, an engineering instructor at Georgia Southern. “Right now, we don’t have a way to effectively slow down or reverse the process.”


Joey DeWane, a member of Georgia Southern’s regenerative concrete research team, hopes to gather more information surrounding the strength of the self-healing concrete. 


“We do not know how the strength will compare,” said DeWane. “However, one of the benefits of conducting research like this is we have the chance to find something amazing.”


Researchers hope that self-healing concrete will not only result in stronger structures, but will also cut down the carbon emissions that come with manufacturing concrete. 


Cement manufacturing accounts for at least 8 percent of the world’s carbon emissions, according to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency. If cracks in cement were able to fill themselves, less concrete would be needed to repair cracks, resulting in less manufacturing and carbon emissions.

Tuesday, April 4, 2023

Invasive Insect Species: A reoccurring threat to farmers




Invasive Insect Species: A reoccurring threat to farmers

By: Isabella Kicklighter

As we enter the peak farming season, invasive insect species are making their way onto farms and threatening the yields of local farmers. 

         Entering the month of June will mark the beginning of what is considered peak growing season for farmers across the nation. With the new season comes the threat of invasive insects who have the potential to destroy crops, spread disease and alter ecosystems, causing a sort of chain reaction.

What is an invasive insect species?

         “An invasive species is one at has been introduced and causes ecological or economic harm,” said Dr. Jennifer Zettler, Professor at Georgia Southern University who specializes in research on invasive species and their effects on native invertebrates and plants.

         These species are most commonly introduced by accident but are not native to the area they are introduced to and can cause a disruption in the ecosystem.

                            As describes by the National Geographic Society, ecosystems represent the                                    relationships between organisms and is composed of all biotic and abiotic, living and non-living                factors in a habitat. Such as animals, climate, plants and water.

                        The Habitat is the area on earth which an organism live or inhabits.

         Dr. Zettler explained that the main concerns regarding these insects are their effects on the region both the ecosystem and human health in the area.

         As an example, Dr. Zettler added that in the coastal Georgia region one invasive insect that has spread the most recent concern is the Ambrosia Beetle.

    “The beetle feeds on fungus that causes a laurel wilt disease in red bay and other related trees,” said Dr. Zettler,” it was likely accidently introduced into the ports in infected lumber from Asia.”

“The beetle burrows in the tree trunk and the fungus they feed on spreads disease to the tree, later killing it,” explain Dr. Zettler.

    According to the national geographic to receive the title of “invasive” species, “the insect must be non-native and then introduced to the area, taking root in the new ecosystem and then begin causing trouble.”

    The species then alter the habitat in a way that can destroy plants or even spread diseases to other organisms like humans.

    In this case the Ambrosia beetle is the invasive species which likely came from Asia according to Dr. Zettler and has caused a wide spread of disease in trees located in coastal wooded areas and has already has cases affecting areas in Florida.
Who does this affect?

         For areas like southeast Georgia and surrounding areas, these troubles include ruining crops to the point where farmers lose thousands of dollars from damaged goods.

Kaitlyn Morris is a floral farmer located in North Florida just on the border between Florida and Georgia. Morris is in her early years of farming but that doesn’t exclude her from the challenges brought by invasive species.

    "I have struggled with aphids this season which have damaged handfuls of blooms and plants,” said Morris.

    Aphids are a highly invasive insect that prefer more temperate climates, according to Backyardgardengeek.com. The website also states that these insects reproduce asexually and can produced winged aphids which makes for easy travel for new areas to invade.

                There are more than 4,700 species of aphids and their small size makes it so they can travel 

             undetected from plant to plant. These invasive pests are notorious for spreading plant diseases

             and cause damage like yellowing or decay from puncturing the plants with their mouths allowing

             bacteria to enter into the plant.

                "When aphids puncture plants’ epidermal tissue, using their piercing mouthparts (known as  

            stylets) to seek out micronutrients, they excrete saliva while doing so, and the saliva transfers to  

            the plant any diseases the aphids might be carrying at that moment," stated the Backyardgeeek.com

    The aphids's destruction created revenue problems for Morris who takes her flowers and sells them for profit to make a living but when unexpected visitors destroy her harvest it makes a dent in decreasing her profits. “I cannot sell eaten stems from infested flower beds,” said Morris

    If Morris is unable to sell healthy plants, then her business suffers, and her customers are forced to look elsewhere for their plants and flowers.Mathilde Poulain, a local artist, and wedding floral arrangement specialist is one of many customers who rely on Morris’s flowers.

    Poulain uses her skills from wedding arrangements and creates handmade jewelry made from foliage and plants she sources from Morris.

    “I try to grow some of the flowers for my artistry but most of my supplies are sources from local farmers,” said Poulain.

    Poulain added that many of her designs contain the same kind of flowers, “If my supplier was affected by an invasive species, I would have to search for the closest replacement which could alter my budget.”

    Morris and Poulain are just one of many “chains” where a small insect, in this case aphids, can cause a big problem. Without the proper knowledge and protection from these invasive species, many people will suffer the consequences and it could potentially alter the agriculture system.

What can be done?

         One thing that everyone can do to prepare for these insects to be well informed on invasive species and ways to prevent them.

         “With global travel and trade increasing, it is best to have knowledge in practices that help to monitor and prevent introduction,” said Dr. Zettler. She added that once an invasive species is spotted it is likely that they are well established into the ecosystem already and it will be difficult to eradicate them.

         The Georgia Department of Natural Resources has a “Georgia Invasive Species Strategy” which explains detailed plans on how the state will prioritize the monitoring of these species. For more at home practices the Nature Conservancy has a few tips and videos on how to combat invasive species.






RESOURCES:

Dr. Jennifer Zettler- (912)344-2714

Kaitlyn Morris- (904)304-3897

Mathilde Poulain- (912)227-7250

Peak growing season patterns and climate extremes-driven responses of ... (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347906207_Peak_growing_season_patterns_and_climate_extremes-driven_responses_of_gross_primary_production_estimated_by_satellite_and_process_based_models_over_North_America

Thomas, J. (2022, January 19). Are aphids invasive? Backyard Garden Geek. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://backyardgardengeek.com/are-aphids-invasive/#:~:text=Aphids%20are%20highly%20invasive%20insects.%20Although%20they%20prefer,aphids%20to%20travel%20to%20and%20invade%20new%20regions.  

Nunez, C. (2021, May 3). Invasive species facts and information. Environment. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/invasive-species

  Georgia Invasive Species Strategy - Georgiawildlife.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://georgiawildlife.com/sites/default/files/wrd/pdf/management/GeorgiaInvasiveSpeciesStrategy.pdf

Invasive species: What you can do. The Nature Conservancy. (2013, July 7). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/protect-water-and-land/land-and-water-stories/invasive-plant-species-invasive-species-education-1/

            Biomes, ecosystems, and habitats. Education. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/biomes-ecosystems-and-habitats/ 

 

Atlanta’s Disappearing Tree Canopy

 


By: Juquetta Reynolds

In Atlanta, GA, an 85-acre public safety training center is being built. 

The building process would be further along, but developers have encountered a few obstacles. One being the death of a protester at the South River forest site.

Manuel Paez Teran died after sustaining at least 57 gun shots to his entire body in a violent January protest. The police believe he was armed and returned fire after he shot and injured a Georgia state trooper. In March, nearly three dozen protestors were detained by police after what was presented to be a peaceful protest turned violent. Flaming bottles and rocks were thrown and construction equipment was damaged.

The training center is being protested by organizations such as the South River Watershed Alliance because of its’ threat to Atlanta’s beloved tree canopy. The threat is not just about the look of the land without the trees, it is about the health of the environment once the trees are gone. An acre is about 75% of an American football field. Imagine that 85 times and you will have a good picture of the size of the $9 million center that has come to be known as “Cop City”.  

“Atlanta is in the process of cutting every tree,” Jacqueline Echols, Board President of the South River Watershed Alliance Echols said. “Development is rampant in this city and it has been for a while. And with development trees are destroyed. And so it’s this piece of green space it’s called ‘the fourth lung of Atlanta’ because of its ability to filter the air and slow stormwater that reaches the creek and cleaning pollution from the water. Just innumerable benefits to the environment and to the community.”

Pathogens like West Nile virus are less likely to spread if there is a preserved forest and a diverse species of birds.

“So in a way, the healthier the forest, the lower the chances that if people go in them, they will get exposed and bitten by mosquitoes carrying West Nile virus,” said Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec, an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Emory University.

Another issue with the facility is it being built close to predominantly black neighborhoods. 

“There’s no place else that the city owns, or is within the city limits, that would be a mile in every direction from any residence other than this particular location,” said Michael Julian Bond, a member of Atlanta’s City Council.

He says that the space and convenience of the location is the only reason it was chosen. He also argues that not many more trees will be cleared because the land had previously been in use as a prison. 

Currently, there is no end in sight for the protests, or the developing “Cop City”.

Monday, April 3, 2023

Candida auris: A drug-resistant fungal infection presents a global health threat

 By: Nakya Harris








Candida auris (C.auris), a drug-resistant fungal infection, presents a serious global health threat, the Centers for Disease Control said. 

In the most recent report from the CDC, there are over 2,000 clinical cases and nearly 6,000 screening cases. Clinical cases are confirmed or likely cases. On the other hand, screening cases are patients that may have been asymptomatic and were still tested for the fungus. These numbers are from January 2022 through December 2022.  

“Fungi are a diverse group of organisms, some of which cause infection in plants and animals, Sara Gremillion, a biology professor at Georgia Southern University said. “For example, ringworm and athlete's foot are caused by fungal pathogens.”

Gremillion adds that C. auris can be found living in the environment but some have been found living on the human body. Oftentimes, this is not causing any infection or disease. 

Dr. Ricardo Zegarra-Linares, an infectious disease physician at Memorial Health University Medical Center, said that candida has been present for a long time. However, this particular species and/or strain is currently showing more activity and resistance. 

This fungal infection has been gaining attention because it is drug-resistant, which means it can be deadly for individuals dealing with this. About 30% to 60% of people have died from this infection, however these numbers are from a restricted amount of patients, the CDC said.   

When asking Gremillion why this fungus is resistant to antifungal drugs, she said antifungal drugs do not often kill 100% of the yeast that is infecting the body. When different strains are developed, that resistance is passed along to their offspring. Yeast, such as C.auris, has the genetic advantage of avoiding the effects of antibiotics. 

So, what does this mean for an individual with a healthy immune system? C.auris has received increased attention over the past few months. Many people question whether or not this will be the next global pandemic.

Dr. Zegarra explained that individuals who have underlying health issues or are immunocompromised should be worried about this. Individuals in hospice, on medication, or dealing with chronic illnesses are a few examples.

“This is not something that is going to spread like Coronavirus or any pandemic,” Dr. Zegarra said. “It is not like a virus.”

Gremillion adds that she does not think this will be the next global pandemic considering people with healthy immune systems typically fight off yeast. For example, individuals with diabetes, those who underwent chemotherapy or had COVID-19 are put into the high-risk category. 

When asked what symptoms should we watch out for, Gremillion says that fever, infected or irritated skin can be an indicator of C.auris or any fungal infection.

“Make sure you are washing your hands and have good hygiene,” Dr. Zegarra responded when asked what should people do to keep themselves and others safe.


Stray cats in abundance? How Statesboro plans to address the issue.

 By: Sammy Pierre


Overpopulation

Over recent years, there has been a growing issue in the country with an overpopulation of stray cats. If you have been to the campus at Georgia Southern University then you’ll know that the issue has trickled down to Statesboro as well. 


One of the main problems with having stray cats in the area is the rate at which they reproduce. Once kittens hit four months they can begin reproducing which can lead to an overpopulation of cats in an area. 


The way Statesboro would have solved this in the past would have seen many of the felines euthanized. Although it seemed like a temporary solution for the time being, it often just led to an increase overall. Because the cats were being removed from their spaces, new cats would eventually come in and occupy the same place. This occurrence is known as the Vacuum Effect.  


Another problem that comes with feral cats is the danger of disease. Cats in the wild that haven’t been neutered or altered have the risk of carrying toxoplasmosis. This disease can be harmful to people and specifically pregnant women. 


One of the main issues behind local stray cats staying in certain areas can often be because of the resources offered in the area. 


Deborah Kosina, volunteer and officer for the Humane Society of Statesboro and Bulloch County (HSSBC), says there’s a reason for this. 


“If people keep feeding the stray cats with no intent to neuter them, of course they’ll stay somewhere where they can get reliable food and shelter,” Kosina said. 


She went on to explain that cats are great at finding shelter and food so by feeding them you allow them to become comfortable in that environment and later start families of their own. 

The Fix

Kosina is aware of the issue but feels like there has been progress made here. 


“Ever since we introduced our Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) program in 2018, we’ve been able to help save around 2,000 cats in Bulloch County,” Kosina said. The TNR program focuses on setting humane traps for strays, bringing them in to be spayed or neutered as well as vaccinated and ear tipped before being returned to their original location. 


If the cat is found to be friendly, it will most likely find its way to the Bulloch County Animal Shelter where an owner may come looking for it. However, if the cat is deemed not friendly, it will go through the TNR program before being returned to the original location. 


Kosina also mentioned how they provide the traps for people to use but because they only have a limited amount, it can be hard to constantly meet the demands. Due to small hiccups like this, she believes more volunteers isn’t necessarily the answer. 

 

“People always say we need more volunteers but the answer isn’t more volunteers, we need people in the community to help where they’re at,” Kosina said. 


She pointed out a multitude of ways people could get involved including fundraising, donating, fostering and adopting as well as shopping at their thrift store, with proceeds directly going towards saving local animals. 


Along with the HSSBC, there are plenty of options in town to help deal with the overpopulation issue. One of them being Fixing The Boro (FTB). 


Sarah Roehm, Director and one of the founders, is proud of the work they’ve been able to accomplish while working with the HSSBC. 


“We’ve been able to have a great relationship ever since we got started in the community,” Roehm said. 


In their working relationship, they’ve been able to assist each other through their TNR program as well as through fostering and adopting. 


Roehm, a Georgia Southern graduate, said that she enjoys working in a college town like Statesboro.


“Being able to work in a college town is great because it gives the animals we have a new chance to be adopted or receive a new foster home even if only temporarily,” Roehm said. 


Although still plenty of work to do, Statesboro is well on its way to becoming a “no kill” community.













Sources

Sarah Roehm: 912-205-5978 

Deborah Kosina: 912-472-1127


Ancient Pollen Discovery: What does that mean for today?

 By: Jacob Zari

Researchers have discovered fossils of insects containing pollen that date back to 280 million years ago, which is about 120 million years older than the previously oldest-known pollen-containing fossils.

Close to the village of Chekarda in Russia, scientists studied 425 Tillyardembia fossils, finding six that contained pollen on their bodies. 

Even though this finding was discovered in Russia, there can still be some impact from this in Statesboro. In early spring, Statesboro tends to receive huge amounts of pollen. Dr. Joshua Gibson is an Assistant Professor of biology at Georgia Southern, focusing primarily on insects. 

“The pollen that we tend to get in huge amounts in Statesboro is from the local pine trees, which are gymnosperms (the same major group of plants that are the focus of the article),” Gibson explains. “The primary way these plants spread their pollen is through the wind. They release huge amounts of it and the wind carries it away. Some of it will land on other pine trees, but of course a lot of it lands on our cars and just about anything else sitting outside at that time of year.”

Dr. Jennifer Zettler is a Professor of biology at Georgia Southern as well, and she focuses on the interactions between insects and plants. She mentions that, “the pine from oaks and pines are carried from one plant to the next by the wind. This makes the odds of fertilization low so these trees have to produce large quantities of pollen just to ensure pollination success.”

Gibson adds, “While it's possible these early insects were actively pollinating these species, most gymnosperms still primarily use wind pollination so it might not have ‘caught on’ from an evolutionary perspective until some plants started producing flowers with nectar rewards.”

Even though this discovery may not have a major impact on Statesboro, there is another way that this can serve a purpose to scientists.

“I think this can serve as an important reminder about plant life cycles,” Gibson explains. “We often forget that plants are living organisms that have complex processes that they are undergoing every day. Plants are producing pollen so that they can continue to produce new plants in the same way that animals search for mates in order to continue producing new animals.

One of Dr. Zettler’s takeaways from the finding is that, “flowering plants are now the most diverse and abundant of the plants and much of their success is tied to the partnership that they have with insect pollinators.”

She goes on to explain that partnership, “For plants that are pollinated by an insect (such as a bee, butterfly, or fly), the flowers reward the pollinator with a reward such as nectar to encourage the pollinator to visit more of the same flowers.  This means that these plants have directed dispersal with higher pollination success with less pollen production.”

Dr. Gibson’s final thought concerning this study was how scientists are able to find so much with so little data. 

“Think about it, we are able to tell something about the behavior of insects that lived 80 million years before mammals ever evolved,” Gibson says. “And we're able to tell this because just six fossilized insects had pollen sticking to their body, out of a total of 425 fossils that were examined. To me that's one of the most incredible things about science and this is a really great example of that.” 




Does a University Still Stand Even if No One is Around to See it?



By: Ainslie Smith


“I may be just a little biased in this statement, but the maintenance and operations of this campus are the heartbeat.” - Stephen Frawley, mechanical superintendent


Every day, hundreds of employees maintain the Georgia Southern campus in various capacities. Preventative maintenance is the key to sustaining the beauty and integrity of the university grounds. Everything from the buildings to the sidewalks to the air conditioning handlers require a watchful eye from the maintenance workers, who run a tight ship upkeeping the university.



So in the hypothetical situation in which everyone were to disappear from the campus, what would happen to the landscape and infrastructure? Multiple experts and operational overseers from Georgia Southern give us an insight into what the downfall of an abandoned campus could look like.


No One in Sight; Now What?


It will all start when the electricity goes out. Without power, the air handlers will shut off, and the air within the buildings will no longer be conditioned or circulated. Within the week, the walls will grow molds, and the paint will begin to crack and peel due to accumulated moisture.


At the same time, the untrodden sidewalks and hard surfaces will start to gather moss, lichen, and weeds. The typically mowed grass will grow past its usual one-inch allowance and creep over the walkways and asphalt.


The “Money-Walk” as referred to by Maurice Coley, the superintendent of grounds operations, is the most manicured path on campus and requires daily upkeep in areas such as Sweetheart Circle and Southern Drive to maintain its polished look. This area will experience rapid physical transformations and quickly become unrecognizable, Coley says.


Alan Harvey, a professor of the Georgia Southern biology department of nearly 25 years, described the probable succession of the natural order on campus if people were to disappear. “We almost have some hint of this from the pandemic,” said Harvey, “and it [would] not take long for animals to become more noticeable.”


First, small rodents like rabbits would emerge from their usually suppressed presence in the thicket. Shortly after, predators such as coyotes would follow their prey into the open areas.


Invasive species of insects like cigarette beetles will make their way into special facilities such as the Herbarium in the Biological Sciences Building. Harvey described a recent instance of this particular pest invading the inventory, and if there were no one to take care of the infestation, “there would be nothing to stop them this time and they would just end up consuming the whole collection, and it would just be piles of sawdust,” he says


As the overgrowth continues, vines, shrubs, and trees will begin to cover and penetrate the infrastructure, growing into the gutters and causing water to stagnate on the roofs and degrade their integrity. Eventually, tree roots would lift the pavers of the walkways, allowing for further invasion of plants between the concrete slabs.


During the rainy seasons, fallen limbs and debris will clog drainage systems, and without maintenance workers to clear the blockages, water will sit and dramatically change the environment. These spaces will become a habitat for different species and invite more insects like mosquitoes into the area.


Bryan Rountree, the director of mechanical and structural operations, says that as temperatures drop, the remaining water in the pipes will freeze and cause them to burst. Over time, roots will grow into the pipes and block them, pervading the plumage systems and after many years, roots will emerge from the interior drains of the buildings.


Rountree says that after about five years, the university would look more like a forest with buildings in it, rather than a college campus. While the newer buildings are constructed of steel and concrete, older buildings like the Marvin Pittman Administration building are made of wood and brick. Without the upkeep and repointing of the brick mortar and the additional stresses of vine overgrowth of species like Virginia Creepers, and elemental weathering, the building exteriors would begin to deteriorate.


 “At some point, you’ll probably see termites come in and destroy the wood in the building and then it would eventually just fall,” says Rountree


The natural succession of the plant life across the campus would first see the faster growing, smaller organisms such as black willows and pepper vines overtaking the terrain, before being overgrown by pines or oaks.


 “They set the stage and prepare, basically, for the slower growing but tougher things,” says Harvey, “Eventually, it'll settle down and you'll have a community that's pretty stable unless something else comes along to destabilize it.”


Not Today, but One Day


Every day we see the capability of nature to overtake human design on the Georgia Southern campus. From the anthills that spring up on the walkways, to the slithering vines that root themselves to the brick walls across campus, we know that it could only be a matter of time before the campus that we know is reclaimed by mother nature.


Although we cannot be sure, one day the infrastructure may reflect that of the ancient ruins we marvel at today, even if no one is around to see it.